Lastly, in 1466, following the Thirteen Year old war (1454-1466), Casimir IV (1444-1492) manages definitively to impose his suzerainty to the large Master of the order Teutonique (peace of Toru4, 1466): Western Prussia (Poméranie Eastern) returns to the kingdom of Poland; the Large Master of the Teutonique order preserves theEastern one in the capacity as vassal of king de Pologne.

Blooming of Poland peerage-book (1492-1572)

Under the reigns of Jean I er Albert (1492-1501) and of Alexandre I er (1501-1506), the nobility manages to increase her privileges and its participation in the business of the State. Sigismond I er the Old man (1506-1548) leaves the Large Master of the order Teutonique, Albert de Brandebourg, convert with the Lutheranism, to secularize the fields of the order and to proclaim hereditary duke of Prussia, under the suzerainty of Poland; Réfome has large, but transitory, success near the tycoons and of the middle-class men, while the farming community remains strongly attached to Catholicism.  

The farming community at that time constitutes the great mass of the Polish population, but it is for the greatest made up part serfs (serfdom was restored); the townsmen cannot reach the land and buildings any more. The nobility (szlachta), only, has political rights. It is composed of a small number of rich and powerful families, the tycoons, and of a multiplicity of small fairly easy or poor barons. The most stripped have a rural small-scale farming, like the peasants, and some are even deprived of any land and buildings. Attached to a policy “antimercantilist”, the nobility is opposed, as from 1565, so that the Polish merchants sell Polish corn and she entrusts the trade of it to foreign merchants, especially Dutch.