The two historical areas had been populated as of I ^er century apr. J. - C. by the Slavic ones and had been evangelized before 800 by missionaries come from franque Bavaria, especially of the dioceses of Salsbourg, Passau and Ratisbon, then, into 863 and 864, by two Greek monks, the Cyrille brothers and Method.

At the end of the IX ^E century, Bohemia is attached to the kingdom of Large-Moravie under the reign of Svatopluk (871-894), which carries this kingdom to the apogee of its political and cultural power. In 894, with the death of Svatopluk, Large Moravie knows an abrupt decline because in particular of the permanent quarrels which tear the reigning dynasty. Bohemia and Moravie are separated, and Moravie is invaded by the Magyars taken along by Arpad (896-907).

The center of the power moves then towards Bohemia, protected better by its geographical position. The power of Premyslides, whose dynasty was essential starting from X ^E century, continues and is consolidated under prince Vaclav (Venceslas) (towards 921-935 or 929). This one, confronted with an attack of king de Saxe and Germany, Henri I ^{er the} Bird-catcher, becomes his vassal, and is also placed under the protection of the pope. Its religious policy, which into force carries a heavy blow to the tribal and pagan practices and reinforces the power of the sovereign, causes sharp tensions which culminate with the fratricidal fight who opposes Venceslas to Boleslav, and is completed into 935 by the assassination of Venceslas and the massacre of his partisans with their families. The sovereign martyr, canonized by the Church at the end of X ^E century, becomes the patron saint of Bohemia.

Its successors continue his work, limited however in their will of expansion, on the one hand by the Saint Worsens Roman-Germanic to which the kingdom of Bohemia belongs and which often intervenes in the event of discord within the dynasty, but which leaves to the sovereigns of Bohemia their sovereignty, and on the other hand by the rise in Poland of the power of the dynasty of Piast.

It marks the beginning of a political decline due to a series of quarrels of succession; however, in 1198, under the reign of Otakar I er (1198-1230), the crown becomes hereditary in the family of Premyslides. The gold Bubble of Sicily of the emperor Frederic II devotes in 1212 the independence of the field of Premyslides. Venceslas I er (1230-1253) is crowned in Prague by the archbishop of Mainz and receives the nomination of the German emperor.

Premysl Otakar II (1253-1278) carries the power of Bohemia to its apogee. It annexes Carinthie, Styrie and Carniole, widening the kingdom to the Adriatic Sea. Taking share with the crusade of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia (1255), it founds Königsberg (Kaliningrad); he also undertakes a fight for the throne of the Saint Worsens, but is drawn aside from it by the voters with the profit of Rodolphe I of Habsbourg.

At the end of the war which follows, it loses all its conquests in the area of the Alps before being killed the emperor in 1278. The dynasty of Premyslides, which ends with the assassination of Venceslas III (1305-1306) by noble of Olomouc, is replaced in 1310 by that of Luxembourg.

The kingdom of Bohemia, increased, knows a new time of splendor. It is as during this century as the university of Prague (1348) is founded. Under the reigns of Charles IV (1346-1378), of Venceslas IV (1378-1419) and Sigismond of Luxembourg (1419-1437) Bohemia knows the movement of reform directed by Jan Hus (of this one, which intended to give a practical application to a certain number of ideas of Wycliffe that it took again on his account, will be finally condemned to be burned alive by the council of Constancy, on on July 6th, 1415), which leads to a religious and social crisis, then with the civil war.

At the conclusion of this war, after the defeat of Mountain-White (November 8th, 1620), the crown leaves the dynasty of Luxembourgs to fall to Habsbourgs, which will preserve it until 1918.

In 1618, the Protestant nationalists raise themselves against the policy of germanisation and the non-observance of the religious policy: it is the beginning of the Thirty Year old War. Riots occur in Prague in 1848, as in the rest of Europe.

From 1848 to 1916, under the reign of the François-Joseph emperor, two currents concerning the assertion of the Slavic identity are affirmed: on the one hand austro-slavism, on the other hand neo-slavism favorable to separatism.