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Epoques
Folder(s) :  Times > Modern time > Modern time
From 1500 to the 18th century
Principal periods of the modern TimeGreat Discoveries Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands and England form economic powers, maritime and soldiers who recover the sphere. Colomb discovers America in 1492. The maritime trade is spread, the exchanges between Europe, Asia and America multiplies. As of the years 1500, Europeans leave to the conquest the world in search of new sea routes (Colomb, Vespucci, Magellan). Rebirth To 15th and 16th, a powerful intellectual dash extends to all Europe. Scientists call in question the traditional ideas and beliefs (Copernic, Galileo, Leonardo da Vinci, Erasme, etc). Gutenberg develops printing works (1450). The Rebirth which begins in Italy extends in Europe, this revival artistic coincides with an economic revival. The Reform and wars of religion Martin Luther and Jean Calvin create the Reform at the beginning of 16th. In a few years, Northern Europe becomes Protestant, while Europe of the South remains catholic. Fatal wars of religion will divide France (St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre), then Europe. Between 1562 and 1598, the wars of religion bloodied most provinces of the French kingdom; they constitute one of the most tragic episodes of the French history. Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire extends from the Mediterranean to banks of the Black Sea. Its civilization, expression of a subtle balance between various religions and cultures, are then one of most important in the world. However, after the reign of Soliman the Magnificent, the Empire, in hillock with interior difficulties, weakens and raises with the European diplomacy the “question of the East”. Africa and its kingdoms Several large African kingdoms mark out the history of the black continent. If the remote origins of those are still known little about, in particular during Antiquity, they emergent of the history such as the Westerners conceive it with the intense traffic of slaves towards the Eastern coast of Africa, that the Arab merchants organize as of the Early middle ages. Absolute monarchs European sovereigns claiming itself of “the philosophy of the lights” endeavor to better organize their states and to improve the fate of their people. Louis XIV in France, Charles I in the United Kingdom, Pierre the Large one in Russia, Frederic II in Prussia and Joseph II in Austria. In Asia, it is Qing (Manchu dynasty in China) and the era of Tokugawa in Japan. Lights The Age of Enlightenment is, in Europe, one period of great scientific rise and blooming of the critical reason. The French philosophers, like Rousseau, Diderot and Voltaire, state generous principles on the natural right, the equality between the men, and say the need for improving the company, to release oppressed, to inform the poor. English Revolutions and Frenchwoman Model revolution, the English Revolutions however were not done without clashes: from 1642 to 1660, British Isles were subjected to a surge of violence, punctuated utopian ideas where sectarianism disputed it with the inspiration, where the social generosity of “partageux” ran up against the defense of the property. Between 1789 and 1799, France knew an upheaval whose consequences and memory do not cease influencing the daily newspaper of the XXe century: the French revolution proclaimed the human rights, legatee the civic equality and the metric system, created the departments, removed - a time - slavery, given to the country the Pantheon of hero and martyrs. Napoleon I Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) gains brilliant victories, reorganizes the administration and seeks to dominate Europe. He is defeated in Waterloo in 1815, a new chart of Europe takes shape.
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